The document discusses various topics related to political philosophy, including: - Ancient Greek models of democracy in Athens and oligarchy in Sparta. - Philosophers like Plato who were skeptical of democracy and preferred rule by experts. - The social contract theories of Hobbes, Locke, and the development of rights and rule of law. - The emergence of political ideologies like conservatism, liberalism, and libertarianism. - Modern American political parties like the Republicans and Democrats.

1. DRAW A LINE SEPARATING TODAY & YESTERDAY 1) Write: Date: 08/31/10 , Topic: Political Philosophy Crash Course 2) Next line, write “ Opener #6 ” and then: 1) Write 1 high + 1 low in last 24 hours 2) Give a unit progress update (include what Chiang can do to help) 3) One news/research item to share. 4) What do you want to know about political philosophy? Announcements: None

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3. google.com/a/govteam.org is a the Gov Team network Complete the 12 steps on the hand, sign and turn-in when complete .

4. Agenda 1) Political Philosophy Crash Course Primary Objective 1) To understand why we have govs Reminder 1) Start meeting to work on your regional speeches

8. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 1) Fundamental Role of Gov : Provide more security than individuals can for themselves.

15. Governments (tribes>city states>nation states) increase their power to provide security, but also increase their ability to project power.

18. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 2) Sparta : Ruled by oligarchy (small elite), created concept of “community before self” (classical republicanism) 3) Athens : a) 700-500BC ruled by aristocrats Poor revolted (508BC) b) 508BC-404BC first democracy Athens thrived (esp culturally) c) 404BC conquered by Sparta, 338BC by Alex G Threw doubt on democracy (esp direct dem)

19. ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY 1) All male citizens could vote (1/5) and propose laws (direct democracy) [Rome goes with republic/repres. dem] 2) Created paid jobs for politicians so that poor people would become politicians. 3) People could vote to exile people/leaders (ostracize for 10 years) 4) Regular people could sue other people, making disputes more just [Rome introduced consistent written law]

20. HOW DEMOCRACY BEGAN 1) Wealthy take advantage of the more numerous poor . 2) Weapons become cheaper to make. So even poor people, who were the majority could be armed, increasing their power. 3) Fearing that poor people would revolt, democracy was seen as a way to make the poor happy .

21. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 4) Plato (428-348 BC): a) Taught by Socrates (18-28), disgusted with democracy b/c of Socrates’s trial (unthinking mob) b) Founds the Academy to to teach ppl to how to think c) Writes The Republic : - Demo is not freedom b/c ppl shortsighted, mislead by demagogues - Should be ruled by philosopher kings (meritocracy, not pop or $) Aristotle (his student): Rule by middle class Is the safest.

22. Plato’s the Republic (360BC) The sailors [politicians] are quarrelling with one another about the steering- every one is of opinion that he has a right to steer, though he has never learned the art of navigation and cannot tell who taught him or when he learned, and will further assert that it cannot be taught, and they are ready to cut in pieces any one who says the contrary [Socrates]. They throng about the captain [citizens], begging and praying him to commit the helm to them; and if at any time they do not prevail, but others are preferred to them, they kill the others or throw them overboard, and having first chained up the noble captain's [citizens’] senses with drink or some narcotic drug.

25. IN INDIA CONNECTION 1) 800-500 BC Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita 2) Two types of freedom (swaraj): external freedom + internal freedom 3) True freedom comes from having no fear or cravings 4) Possible that Plato was influenced by Indian scholars/writings (Urwick 1921) 5) Plato argues that democracy is not true freedom b/c avg ppl are unthinking/misled

26. GREEK LEGACY 1) Spartans model what a strong military/nationalist government can be. 2) Athens models what democracy can be. 3) Athen’s fall brings doubt on the feasibility of direct democracy among a large diverse population (which is why Romans choose a representative demo) 4) Much of Greek learning was saved by Muslim scholars (700-800AD)

27. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 4) Rome (409-44 BC): a) Evolved democracy into a representative system b) 2 heads to prevent tyranny c) Create jurisprudence (legal science): written legal decisions and precedent (stari decisis) lessens abuse by wealthy

28. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 5) Legitimate Gov : Uses force to serve public, alternative: self-serving gov rules through fear/force

30. Alternative View of Role of Gov : Those with power force people to submit, “ force theory .” Expired View of Role of Gov : Faith that rulers were “chosen” to rule, “ divine rule theory .”

31. Judeo-Christian : Free will to lead to your own salvation. Promotion of accountability and individualism.

32. Judeo-Christian : Promotion of accountability and individualism. Free will to lead to your own salvation with the help of the Catholic Church. Devine rule gets extended life, again from Catholicism .

33. Magna Carta (1215) : Limiting the kings power over nobles.

34. Protestant Reformation (1517) Martin Luther starts, church reform leads to individual responsibility to salvation. More free will and individualism. Desire for salvation leads to hard working American colonists.

35. Enlightenment (1600-1700s) Before, focus on community (“self” thinking it serves the community). En. placed emphasizes the “individual” Needs of the Industrial Revolution further drive individualism

36. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 6) Government is a Collective Belief : If enough people believe an entity is the legitimate gov, it become real , through the sheer number of people.

37. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 7) Anarchy (State of Nature) : Life with no gov (gangs + private security can be like a gov when no gov exist)

39. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 7) Anarchy (State of Nature) : Life with no gov (gangs + private security can be like a gov when no gov exist)

40. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 8) Hobbes (1588) : State of nature is violent, no real rights to speak of, so rights exist b/c of gov

41. Hobbes’ Leviathan (1660) Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war , where every man is enemy to every man , the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength ... In such condition there is no place for industry , because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth... worst of all, continual fear , and danger of violent death ; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short .

42. Hobbes’ Leviathan (1660) Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war , where every man is enemy to every man , the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength ... In such condition there is no place for industry , because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth... worst of all, continual fear , and danger of violent death ; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short .

43. English Civil War 1641–1651

44. Glorious Revolution 1688

45. English Bill of Rights 1689

46. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 9) Locke (1632) : Ppl in state of nature have total rights , but hard to maintain, so give up rights to gov for safety, if not safe, ppl can break K ( K=contract ).

47. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 9) Locke (1632) : Ppl in state of nature have total rights , but hard to maintain, so give up rights to gov for safety, if not safe, ppl can break K ( K=contract ). .

48. Locke’s 2 nd Treatise (1690) No one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions ... to avoid this state of war is one great reason of men's putting themselves into society , and quitting the state of nature... revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs. Great mistakes in the ruling part, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of human frailty, will be born by the people without mutiny or murmur. But if a long train of abuses …

49. Locke’s 2 nd Treatise (1690) No one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions ... to avoid this state of war is one great reason of men's putting themselves into society , and quitting the state of nature... revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs. Great mistakes in the ruling part, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of human frailty, will be born by the people without mutiny or murmur. But if a long train of abuses …

50. “ All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men … Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations… -Thomas Jefferson

53. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 10) Social Contract : You exchange obedience to the gov for protection.

54. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 11) Social Contract is a Collective Belief : If enough people believe it, it become real, through the sheer number of people. Iran Green Revolution (6/2009)

56. Alternative to Social Contract: Obedience of out: faith, identity, love

57. Alternative to Social Contract: Obedience of out: fear

58. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 12) Rule of Law : Ppl+gov obey laws b/c out of fear or respect for our social contract (nothing is above the law) .

59. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 12) Rule of Law : Ppl+gov obey laws b/c out of fear or respect for our social contract (nothing is above the law) .

60. 13) Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development : What dictates your actions? 1. Fear Punishment 2. Exchange for Tangible Favors 3. Peer Pressure (other’s approval) 4. Rules/Laws (society/gov) 5. Social Contract (play the game) 6. Inner-Self Rules

63. Notes #14a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 14) Why Rule of Law High : b/c US gov is legit (serves to help us), b/c we believe we naturally have rights, some we give up ( voluntary is always more powerful )

65. When gov duty to protect conflicts with rule of law? What if it could save lives?

66. Does it matter if the person has a record of being a terrorist?

67. Does it matter if he/she is a US citizen or a foreigner? If it’s on US soil or in foreign country? If it done by foreigners on our behalf in a foreign land?

68. Journ. #4a , “ Rule of Law v Safety Debate ” 1) Read the 2 sides, choose 1 side, and write which you choose and explain why . 2) Then write down what your partner thinks ( include their name at the end ). 1 2 3 4 5 CON: Rule of law (esp the Constitution) matters more than safety 1) The primary purpose of safety is to have freedom 2) One can’t trust that a gov with unlimited power will always do good things PRO: We should let the the gov break the law if it makes us safer 1) The primary duty of gov is not freedom, but safety 2) Breaking the law can sometimes bring more good to more people

69. Historical Roots Ideology Parties Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Ideology ”

70. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Ideology ” 1) Classical Republican : Community comes first (indiv less important than community) 2) Classical Liberal (Natural Rights) : Individual freedom comes first (the point of gov is to maximize indiv freedom) Class rep more like of Democratic Party, Class. Lib. more like REP/GOP.

71. Journ #4b , “ Natural Rights vs Classical Republican Debate ” 1) Read the 2 sides, choose 1 side, and write which you choose and explain why . 2) Then write down what your partner thinks ( include their name at the end ). 1 2 3 4 5 CON: Classical Republican 1) The fundamental role of gov is to maximize the community’s well being 2) Gov can improve organize us to do great things we could never do without it, gov knows best PRO: Natural Rights 1) The fundamental role of gov to maximize our freedom 2) No one knows what’s best for me than me

72. 4) Conservative (Right): Personal freedom self responsibility, smaller gov, tradition ( Republican, “Tea Party,” Libertarian )

73. 5) Liberal (Left): Social responsibility, active gov, less tied to tradition ( Democratic, Green, Socialist )

74. 6) Moderate (Center): Mixed views.

75. 7) Political Party : A group like minded ppl with who try to get ppl w their views elected

76. 8) Republican Party (Conservative, GOP, Red, Elephant, Right): Overarching: Self Responsibility Detailed: More gov role in social conduct, less gov in econ activity.

77. 9) Democratic Party (Liberal, Blue, Donkey, Left): Overarching: Social Responsibiltiy Detailed: Less gov role in social conduct, more gov in econ activity.

78. Liberal Federalist Whigs Democrats Conservatives Republicans Republicans Populist Democrats

79. 10) Libertarian: 3 rd P wants less gov role in social conduct, less gov in econ activity

80. Journ #4c , Title “ Party Platforms ” 1) Go through 2a-2k & 4a-4k , rate each topic: 1 2 3 4 5 X - + Disagree Mixed Agree Count them up, which is MORE? 2) Compare your results, briefly summarize in writing how you and your partner are similar or different (include their name at the end).

81. Analogy of Ideologies and Party Shifts: Ideology Country Music Pop Music Party: Taylor Swift Party Members:

82. Analogy of Ideologies and Party Shifts: Ideology Country Music Pop Music Party: Taylor Swift Party Members:

83. Analogy of Ideologies and Party Shifts: Ideology Country Music Pop Music Party: Taylor Swift Party Members:

84. Notes #5a , Title: “ Political Ideology ” 1) Factions : Group with-in party (beliefs may struggle with party) a) GOP-Tea Party Movement: pro-indiv freedom, pro-tradition, except more anti-business (biz where split w GOP) b) DEM-Progressive: pro-social reform, pro-change, except more pro-business (biz where split w DEM)

87. Notes #5b , Title: “ Federalism ” 1) States Come First : Colonies (states) experienced close to 200 years of separate freedom before joining the US (will wish to retains some power) 2) Federalism : State + fed share power: at times clear split, other times overlapping or conflicting between the state and federal gov (“federal” technically means split gov, but mostly refers to national gov) 3) History of US Federalism : States had more power > then equal in the 1800s > 1900s Federal became supreme (recently state wins some).

88. UNITARY FEDERAL STATE NATIONAL

89. FEDERAL STATE NATIONAL STATE NATIONAL STATE NATIONAL 1780-1860 1860-1930 1930-2000

91. Jour. #5b , “ Unitary Debate ” 1) Read the 2 sides, choose 1 side, and write which you choose and explain why . 2) Then write down what your partner thinks ( include their name at the end ). 1 2 3 4 5 CON: Federalist Gov (fed gov and state gov) 1) State govs are closer to the ppl, so they know what the ppl want 2) States allow policies to be practiced before being tried nationally 3) Diff states have different values and needs PRO: Unitary Gov (only national gov ruling all) 1) National gov can use resources more efficiently, using scale 2) Most world is unitary 3) National gov ensures everyone gets same quality gov services

92. Jour. #5c , Title “ States Rights! National Power! ” 1) With a partner, discuss who should control each issue ( state or federal or both ). a) Higher education f) Immigration b) Military defense g) Consumer protection c) Environmental rules h) Standards for cars d) Marriage policies i) Illegal drug policies e) Health policies j) Crime and punishment